30 años de investigación en maltrato infantil: un análisis bibliométrico (1991-2020)

Introducción: el maltrato infantil es un problema global que afecta el desarrollo de los niños y las niñas, pudiendo tener consecuencias a lo largo de su vida. A pesar de la necesidad de investigar para erradicar este fenómeno, no se ha realizado una aproximación bibliométrica de sus avances recientes. Método: este estudio examinó 16 708 artículos sobre maltrato infantil indexados en la Web of Science entre 1991 y 2020 para establecer las tendencias de investigación. Resultados: el maltrato infantil es un campo activo, influenciado principalmente por Estados Unidos, Canadá y Reino Unido, y revistas de la categoría estudios de la familia, especialmente Child Abuse & Neglect. Los artículos más relevantes abordan el tema como parte de las Experiencias Adversas en la Infancia o se centran en su evaluación. Considerando los artículos más relevantes, los temas más estudiados (sujetos, investigación, maltrato y tipos de maltrato, familia y parentalidad, y trastornos) y los principales focos (maltrato, investigación, sexo, reportes y abuso sexual), es posible que el área se esté reestructurando desde la perspectiva del ecobiodesarrollo, con énfasis en el tratamiento y la prevención. Se discuten sus implicaciones teóricas y prácticas. Conclusiones: este estudio actualiza las tendencias de investigación en el campo del maltrato infantil, proporcionando un panorama comprensivo que sugiere una evolución hacia la integración de múltiples disciplinas y enfoques. Los resultados destacan la importancia de seguir investigando este problema global, así como la necesidad de evaluar las intervenciones existentes para reducir su impacto en el desarrollo de los niños y las niñas.

Introduction: Child abuse is a global problem that affects children's development and can have consequences throughout their lives. Despite the need to research to eradicate this phenomenon, there has not been a bibliometric approach to its recent advances. Method: This study examined 16,708 articles on child abuse indexed in the Web of Science between 1991 and 2020 to establish research trends. Results: Child maltreatment is an active field, mainly influenced by the USA, Canada and the UK, and journals in the family studies category, especially Child Abuse & Neglect. The most relevant articles address the topic as part of Adverse Childhood Experiences or focus on its assessment. Considering the most relevant articles, the most studied topics (subjects, research, maltreatment and types of maltreatment, family and parenting, and disorders) and the main foci (maltreatment, research, sex, reporting, and sexual abuse), it is possible that the area is being restructured under the ecobiodevelopmental perspective, with emphasis on treatment and prevention. Its theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Conclusions: This study updates research trends in the field of child maltreatment, providing a comprehensive overview that suggests an evolution toward the integration of multiple disciplines and approaches. The results highlight the importance of further research on this global problem, as well as the need to evaluate existing interventions to reduce its impact on children's development.

Validation of the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale in Peruvian old adults: a study based on SEM and IRT multidimensional models.

Loneliness is a public health problem. Its assessment is important to identify older adults who experience greater loneliness and appropriate interventions can be carried out. The De Jong Gierveld Solitude Scale (DJGLS) is one of the most widely used, at least in the European context, to measure loneliness. Although the Spanish version of the DJGLS has shown reliability and validity in Spanish samples of older adults, there is no evidence of adequacy in the Latin American context. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the DJGLS in Peruvian older adults. Specifically, factorial validity, internal consistency and criterion-related validity were studied, based on a double analytical perspective: Classical Test Theory (SEM models) and Item Response Theory. The participants were 235 Peruvian older adults with ages ranging from 61 to 91 years old (Mean = 72.69, SD = 6.68) that assisted to Centers for the Elderly in the city of Trujillo, Peru. Together with the DJGLS, information from the three-item UCLA loneliness scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Brief Resilient Coping Scale and the Patient Health Questionnarie-2 was also gathered. The results support a one-dimensional structure of the DJGLS but with the presence of method effects associated to the negatively worded items. Additionally, the IRT multidimensional model applied also indicated the presence of a second dimension related to these negative items. Finally, other evidences of reliability and validity were adequate. In summary, the DJGLS may be considered a reliable and valid instrument to be used in the Peruvian (older adults) context.

Construcción y valoración de la pertenencia a una barra brava de fútbol. Las voces de los exintegrantes / Construction and assessment of membership to a soccer barra brava. The voices of former members

En este trabajo describimos la construcción y valoración de la pertenencia a una barra brava de fútbol desde las voces de un grupo de exintegrantes. Desarrollamos entrevistas semi estructuradas con siete exintegrantes de la barra brava Trinchera Norte (Perú), que asistían a los esta-dios en la década de 1990 y ejercían un rol protagónico en la barra brava. Los participantes nos relatan que construyeron su pertenencia a partir de la interacción con un grupo de pares que compartían el interés por un equipo de fútbol. En este grupo se desarrollaron y definieron comportamientos que asumieron y que destacan en la actualidad. Así, valoran el compañerismo, la resiliencia, el orgullo y la lucha por sus metas e ideales como aprendizajes significativos que continúan aplicando en su vida. (AU)

In this paper, we describe the construction and assessment of membership to a football barra brava from the voices of a group of former members. We developed semi-structured interviews with seven former members of the barra brava Trinchera Norte(Peru), who attended the stadiums in the 1990s and played a leading role in the barra brava. The participants tell us that they built their membership from the interaction with a group of peers who shared an in-terest in a soccer team. In this group, behaviors that they assumed and that stand out today were developed and defined. Thus, they value camaraderie, resilience, pride and the fight for their goals and ideals as significant learning that they continue to apply in their lives. (AU)

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Personalidad Proactiva en profesores de escuelas de Lima (Perú) / Psychometric Properties of the Proactive Personality Scale in schoolteachers in Lima (Peru)

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Personalidad Proactiva en una muestra de profesores de escuelas de Lima (Perú). Participaron 302 profesores de ambos sexos (72.20 % mujeres) seleccionados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo intencional, cuyas edades estaban en el rango de 24 a 65 años (M = 43.04, DE = 10.75) y que enseñaban en los niveles educativos de educación primaria y secundaria (75.83 % en educación secundaria). Además de la Escala de Personalidad Proactiva, se aplicó la Escala Sentimiento de Autoeficacia en el Profesor para evaluar la validez convergente. Los resultados indican que la Escala de Personalidad Proactiva se ajusta a una estructura unifactorial (CFI = .949, TLI = .934, RMSEA = .076 y SRMR = .044), se evidencian correlaciones estadísticamente significativas (p < .001) y un tamaño del efecto mediano (rs > .10) con la mayoría de las dimensiones de la Escala Sentimiento de Autoeficacia, y presenta una adecuada consistencia interna (ω = .89). Se concluye que la Escala de Personalidad Proactiva cuenta con evidencias de validez basada en la estructura interna, validez convergente y una fiabilidad adecuada para medir la personalidad proactiva en profesores de escuela.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Proactive Personality Scale in a sample of teachers from schools in Lima (Peru). Participants were 302 teachers of both sexes (72.20% women) selected through a non-probabilistic sampling of intentional type, whose ages were in the range from 24 to 65 (M = 43.04, DE = 10.75) and who taught at the educational levels of primary and secondary education (75.83% in secondary education). In addition to the Proactive Personality Scale, the Teachers Self Efficacy Scale was applied to assess convergent validity. The results indicate that the Proactive Personality Scale was adjusted to a unifactorial structure (CFI = .949, TLI = .934, RMSEA = .076 y SRMR = .044), there are statistically significant correlations (p <.001) and with a mean effect size (rs> .10) with most of the dimensions of self-efficacy feeling and adequate internal consistency (.89). The Proactive Personality Scale has evidence of validity based on internal structure, convergent validity, and adequate reliability to measure proactive personality in schoolteachers.

Una aproximación al significado del amor en una población infantil en Lima, Perú / An approach An approach to the meaning of love in a child population in Lima, Peru

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo aproximarse al significado del amor, a través de su expresión escrita, en una muestra de niños y niñas de Lima Metropolitana de Perú, y examinar sus diferencias según sexo y edad. En total, se contó con la participación de 289 individuos divididos en dos muestras: una muestra exploratoria (n = 50) y otra de confirmación (n = 239). El estudio siguió una metodología mixta, a partir del análisis temático como técnica cualitativa para identificar códigos subyacentes a la definición de amor de los niños, y del análisis clúster jerárquico como técnica cuantitativa para generar un dendrograma. Los resultados revelaron la presencia de seis categorías centrales: relación con otros significativos cercanos, romanticismo y amor propio, relación característica entre adultos, estado positivo, afectividad, y apoyo incondicional. A partir de ello, se concluye que el concepto de amor durante la niñez integra tres categorías del esquema interpretativo de las emociones: contextual o elicitador, experiencia subjetiva, y tendencia expresiva/motivacional.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to approach the meaning of love, through its written expression, in a sample of boys and girls from Metropolitan Lima, Peru, and to examine its differences according to sex and age. A total of 289 children participated in the study, divided into two samples: an exploratory sample (n = 50) and a confirmatory sample (n = 239). The study followed a mixed methodology, using thematic analysis as a qualitative technique to identify codes underlying the children's definition of love, and hierarchical cluster analysis as a quantitative technique to generate a dendrogram. The results revealed the presence of six central categories: relationship with significant others, romanticism and self-love, characteristic relationship between adults, positive state, affectivity, and unconditional support. From this, it is concluded that the concept of love during childhood integrates three categories of the interpretative scheme of emotions: contextual or elicitor, subjective experience, and expressive/motivational tendency.

Measurement of coronaphobia in older adults: Validation of the Spanish version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale / Medición de la coronafobia en adultos mayores: validación de la versión en español de la Coronavirus Anxiety Scale

Background and objective: The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) is an instrument that measures the severity of anxiety due to COVID-19 or coronaphobia. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, older adults are the most vulnerable age group; therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the CAS in this group.Materials and method: 274 Peruvian older adults participated (Mage=67.86; SD=6.34, 64.6% women). In addition to the CAS, the 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), and 2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-2) were applied. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to assess the factor structure of the CAS and Item Response Theory was used to analyze item characteristics. A sequence of hierarchical variance models was used to evaluate the measurement invariance of the CAS according to age. To assess reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α) and the omega coefficient (ω) were used. The correlations between the CAS score and the scores of the PHQ-2 and GAD-2 scales were calculated with Pearson's correlation coefficient (r).Results: The results of the CFA indicated that the unidimensional model of the CAS fitted the data adequately and showed very good reliability (α and ω≥.83). Likewise, all items provided high information and adequate discrimination, which allowed for better detection of average and high levels of coronaphobia in the older adult population. However, the CAS did not show evidence of being strictly invariant between older adults aged 60–65 years and 66–86 years. The CAS showed significant correlations with anxiety (r=.72; [95%CI: .66, .87] p<.01) and depression (r=.53; [95%CI: .43, .76] p<.01). (AU)

Antecedentes y objetivo: La Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) es un instrumento que mide la severidad de la ansiedad por la COVID-19 o coronafobia. En el contexto de la pandemia de la COVID-19, los adultos mayores son el grupo de edad más vulnerable; por lo tanto, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del CAS en este grupo.Materiales y método: Participaron 274 adultos mayores peruanos (Medad=67.86; DE=6.34, 64.6% mujeres). Además del CAS, se aplicaron el 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) y el 2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-2). Se utilizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC), para evaluar la estructura factorial del CAS y la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem, para analizar las características de los ítems. Se utilizó una secuencia de modelos de varianza jerárquicos para evaluar la invarianza de medición del CAS según edad. Para evaluar la confiabilidad, se utilizó el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach (α) y el coeficiente omega (ω). Las correlaciones entre el puntaje del CAS, los puntajes de las escalas PHQ-2 y GAD-2, se calcularon con el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r).Resultados: Los resultados del AFC indicaron que el modelo unidimensional del CAS ajustó adecuadamente a los datos y mostró una muy buena confiabilidad (α y ω ≥ .83). Asimismo, todos los ítems brindaron una alta información y adecuada discriminación; lo que permitió detectar mejor los niveles promedio y alto de coronafobia en la población de adulta mayor. Sin embargo, el CAS no mostró ser estrictamente invariante entre adultos mayores de 60 a 65 años y 66 a 86 años. El CAS mostró correlaciones significativas con la ansiedad (r=.72; [IC95%: .66, .87] p<.01) y depresión (r=.53; [IC95%: .43, .76] p<.01).

Measurement of coronaphobia in older adults: Validation of the Spanish version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) is an instrument that measures the severity of anxiety due to COVID-19 or coronaphobia. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, older adults are the most vulnerable age group; therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the CAS in this group. MATERIALS AND METHOD: 274 Peruvian older adults participated (Mage=67.86; SD=6.34, 64.6% women). In addition to the CAS, the 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), and 2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-2) were applied. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to assess the factor structure of the CAS and Item Response Theory was used to analyze item characteristics. A sequence of hierarchical variance models was used to evaluate the measurement invariance of the CAS according to age. To assess reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α) and the omega coefficient (ω) were used. The correlations between the CAS score and the scores of the PHQ-2 and GAD-2 scales were calculated with Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). RESULTS: The results of the CFA indicated that the unidimensional model of the CAS fitted the data adequately and showed very good reliability (α and ω≥.83). Likewise, all items provided high information and adequate discrimination, which allowed for better detection of average and high levels of coronaphobia in the older adult population. However, the CAS did not show evidence of being strictly invariant between older adults aged 60-65 years and 66-86 years. The CAS showed significant correlations with anxiety (r=.72; [95%CI: .66, .87] p<.01) and depression (r=.53; [95%CI: .43, .76] p<.01). CONCLUSION: The CAS in Spanish shows evidence of validity based on internal structure, convergent and divergent validity, as well as an adequate reliability estimate to assess coronaphobia in older adults. The CAS can be used to detect average and high levels of coronaphobia in the older adult population.

Assessment of Fear of COVID-19 in Older Adults: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale.

There is no information in Peru on the prevalence of mental health problems associated with COVID-19 in older adults. In this sense, the aim of the study was to gather evidence on the factor structure, criterion-related validity, and reliability of the Spanish version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in this population. The participants were 400 older adults (mean age = 68.04, SD = 6.41), who were administered the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Revised Mental Health Inventory-5, Patient Health Questionnaire-2 items, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale 2 items. Structural equation models were estimated, specifically confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), bifactor CFA, and structural models with latent variables (SEM). Internal consistency was estimated with composite reliability indexes (CRI) and omega coefficients. A bifactor model with both a general factor underlying all items plus a specific factor underlying items 1, 2, 4, and 5 representing the emotional response to COVID better represents the factor structure of the scale. This structure had adequate fit and good reliability, and additionally fear of COVID had a large effect on mental health. In general, women had more fear than men, having more information on COVID was associated to more fear, while having family or friends affected by COVID did not related to fear of the virus. The Spanish version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale presents evidence of validity and reliability to assess fear of COVID-19 in the Peruvian older adult population.

Obsession with Covid-19 in Peruvian police and armed forces: Validation of the obsession with Covid-19 Scale in Spanish using SEM and IRT models.

The study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (OCS) in 214 police and members of the armed forces (Mage = 29.33 years, SD = 11.28). The one-dimensionality and satisfactory reliability of OCS were confirmed with confirmatory factor analysis, Item Response Theory analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and McDonald's omega. The scale is useful for identifying individuals with low levels of persistent and disturbing thoughts about COVID-19. COVID-19 obsession was associated with COVID-19 fear, anxiety, and depression. The OCS is suitable for investigating the psychological impact of COVID-19 on members of the police and armed forces.

Experiencias de maternidad en mujeres peruanas adultas que fueron madres en su adolescencia / Maternity experiences of adult Peruvian women who became mothers in their adolescence

Objetivos: Conocer las experiencias de maternidad en mujeres peruanas adultas que fueron madres en su adolescencia. Material y método: Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico, realizado en mujeres peruanas adultas que fueron madres en su adolescencia. Se aplicó la estrategia de la entrevista no estructurada, y la información recolectada fue analizada utilizando la técnica del análisis temático. Resultados: Participaron 9 mujeres de edades comprendidas entre 42 y 46 años. Los principales hallazgos revelan que las participantes construyen en la actualidad una imagen de madres resilientes, protectoras y valientes. Esto se ha logrado, según refieren, porque en el proceso del embarazo y la crianza de sus hijos vivieron acontecimientos que cambiaron su vida: se casaron, dejaron de estudiar y tuvieron que asumir, en algunos casos, el rol de la figura paterna. Por otra parte, las mujeres reconocen que ciertos pensamientos y emociones, como inseguridad, desconfianza y tristeza, han estado presentes en el inicio de su maternidad y fueron importantes para afrontar el cuidado de sus hijos. Conclusiones: Ser madre en la adolescencia, aun en contextos socioeconómicos medio y alto, es un hecho sujeto a dificultades personales y familiares. A pesar de estas circunstancias, las mujeres que participaron en el estudio han afrontado la maternidad en su adolescencia y construyeron una figura de madres resilientes. En el inicio de la maternidad se reconocen pensamientos y emociones que fueron afrontándose en la medida en que se construía el vínculo del cuidado con sus hijos. (AU)

Objective: Become aware of the maternity experiences of Peruvian adult women who become mothers in their adolescence. Material y method: Qualitative phenomenological study, carried out in Peruvian adult women who were mothers in their adolescence. The unstructured interview strategy was applied, and the findings were analyzed using the thematic analysis technique. Results: 9 women participated whose ages ranged between 42 and 46 years. The main findings reveal that the participants currently build an image of resilient, protective and courageous mothers. This has been achieved, according to them, because during pregnancy and their offspring upbringing they experienced events that changed their lives: they got married as well as the need to interrupt their studies and assume in some of the cases the role of both parents in the absence of a father figure. Otherwise, women identify that thoughts and emotions such as insecurity, mistrust and sadness had been since the beginning of their maternity and were important to cope with the care of their children. Conclusions: Even in medium and high socioeconomic contexts, being a mother in adolescence mean to confront emotional, family and professional difficulties. Despite the circumstances, the women who participated in the study had been coping with maternity in their adolescence and they built a resilient mother figure. At the beginning of their maternity thoughts and emotions were recognized as women had been coping with it while they were building a family bond care with their children. (AU)

Impacto psicológico y estrategias de afrontamiento en adultos peruanos durante la pandemia del Covid-19 / Psychological impact and coping strategies in peruvian adults during the Covid-19 pandemic

Objetivo principal: Analizar el impacto psicológico y las estrategias de afrontamiento en adultos peruanos durante la pandemia del Covid-19. Método: Estudio cualitativo con 6 varones y 4 mujeres, recopilado a través de una guía de entrevista semi estructurada. Resultados principales: Los adultos peruanos tuvieron como situaciones más estresantes la vulnerabilidad en su salud, la limitación de sus libertades, los cambios laborales y económicos, y los conflictos familiares. El impacto psicológico en ellos fue expresado a través del malestar emocional, cambios fisiológicos, somáticos y cognitivos. Asimismo, usaron como estrategias de afrontamiento el autocuidado, el cumplimiento de las medidas de salud, la relajación, la distensión y el entretenimiento, así como, la revaloración de la situación. Conclusión principal: La pandemia y el confinamiento social obligatorio causó un impacto psicológico en los adultos peruanos y han usado estrategias de afrontamiento activas y evitativas funcionales al contexto.(AU)

Objective: To analyze the psychological impact and coping strategies in Peruvian adults during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: A qualitative study was developed with 6 males and 4 women, compiled through a semi-structured interview guide. Results: The most stressful situations for peruvian adults were their health vulnerability, the limitation of their freedoms, labor and economic changes, and family conflicts. The psychological impact on them was expressed through emotional distress, physiological, somatic and cognitive changes. And, they used self-care, compliance with health measures, relaxation, relaxation and entertainment as coping strategies, as well as the reassessment of the situation. Conclusions: The pandemic and compulsory social confinement caused a psychological impact on peruvian adults and they have used active and avoidant coping strategies functional to the context.(AU)

[Burnout Syndrome in Schools Teachers From Latin American Countries]. / Síndrome de Burnout en profesores de escuelas de países latinoamericanos.

En los últimos años se ha escuchado mucho sobre el síndrome de burnout conocido también como "síndrome de agotamiento profesional" SAP y cómo influye en nuestra satisfacción laboral, un porcentaje de trabajadores no se encuentra satisfecho con las actividades que realiza, ya que solo trabajan para subsistir o por necesidad.

Evidencia preliminar de la validez y fiabilidad de una medida breve del impacto de la ansiedad en la salud de pacientes con VIH / Preliminary evidence of the validity and reliability of a brief measure of the impact of anxiety on the health of HIV patients

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Es común utilizar medidas que no evalúan directamente el impacto de la ansiedad en la salud de las personas con VIH. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las evidencias de validez y fiabilidad de la versión en español de la Health-Related Anxiety Scale (HRAS). Materiales y Métodos: Participaron 100 pacientes diagnosticados con VIH, seleccionados por un muestreo por conveniencia (76.5% hombres y 24.4% mujeres; Media de edad = 39.96 años, DE = 13.19). La estructura factorial de la HRAS se evaluó a partir del Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC). Asimismo, las relaciones a nivel latente de la HRAS con la satisfacción con la vida, ansiedad generalizada y depresión se evaluaron mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. La fiabilidad se evaluó con el coeficiente omega de McDonald. Resultados: La estructura unidimensional de la HRAS ajustó adecuadamente (?2 = 2.74, p = .254; CFI = .997; RMSEA = .092 [IC90%: .000, .328] y SRMR = .036) y tuvo una alta fiabilidad (? = .94). El modelo que relacionó las variables latentes tuvo un buen ajuste (?2 = 58.11, p = .51, RMSEA = .05 90% CI [.00-.09], CFI = .99, SRMR = .03), e indicó que la HRAS se correlacionó con la satisfacción con la vida (p= -.52; p < 0.01), depresión (p = .57; p < 0.01) y ansiedad generalizada (p = .84; p < 0.01). Conclusión: La HRAS una medida válida y confiable para evaluar el impacto de la ansiedad en la salud de pacientes con VIH.(AU)

Background and Objectives: It is common to use measures that do not directly assess the impact of anxiety on the health of people with HIV. The objective of the study was to evaluate the evidence of validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Health-Related Anxiety Scale (HRAS). Materials and Methods: 100 patients diagnosed with HIV participated, selected by convenience sampling (76.5% men and 24.4% women; Average age = 39.96 years, SD = 13.19). The factorial structure of the HRAS was evaluated from the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Likewise, the latent-level relationships of HRAS with life satisfaction, generalized anxiety, and depression were evaluated using a structural equation model. Reliability was assessed with McDonald's omega coefficient. Results: The one-dimensional structure of the HRAS fitted adequately (?2 = 2.74, p = .254; CFI = .997; TLI = .992; RMSEA = .092 [IC90%: .000, .328] and SRMR = .036) and high reliability (? = .94). The model that related the latent variables had a good fit (?2 = 58.11, p = .51, RMSEA = .05 90% CI [.00-.09], CFI = .99, SRMR = .03) , and indicated that HRAS was correlated with satisfaction with life (p = -.52; p <0.01), depression (p = .57; p <0.01) and generalized anxiety (p = .84; p <0.01). Conclusion: HRAS a valid and reliable measure to assess the impact of anxiety on the health of HIV patients.(AU)

Evidencia de validez y confiabilidad de la versión en español de la Coronavirus Reassurance-Seeking Behaviors Scale en adultos de Lima, Perú / Evidence of validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Coronavirus Reassurance-Seeking Behaviors Scale in the adults of Lima, Peru

Introducción y objetivos: Los comportamientos de búsqueda de seguridad permiten seguridad frente a una posible situación amenazante. Así, el objetivo fue adaptar y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Coronavirus Reassurance-Seeking Behaviors Scale (CRSBS) en una muestra de adultos de Lima, Perú. Material y Método: Participaron 380 personas (Medad = 31.03 años; DE = 10.37) quienes respondieron la CRSBS y la Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS). Se evaluó la validez de contenido, además de realizar un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) y Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) para evaluar la estructura factorial de la CRSBS. Se evaluó la fiabilidad con el coeficiente omega. Se realizó un segundo AFC para evaluar la validez convergente que relacionó la CRSBS y la ansiedad por la COVID-19. Resultados: La evaluación de contenido indicó que los cinco ítems de la CRSBS son relevantes, coherentes y claros. El AFE y AFC indicaron la presencia de un modelo unidimensional para la CRSBS con un adecuado ajuste (?2 = 26.73, gl= 5, p = .00, CFI = .99, RMSEA = .11 [IC90%: .07 - .15], SRMR = .04). Asimismo, el modelo que relacionó la CRSBS y la CAS tuvo un buen ajuste (? 2(34) = 91.29, p= .00, RMSEA= .05 [IC90%: .04 -.07], CFI= .93, SRMR= .04) y una correlación positiva y alta ( = .56, p <.001). La fiabilidad fue satisfactoria (aordinal = .93; ? = .93). Conclusión: La versión en español del CRSBS posee evidencias de fiabilidad, validez de contenido, estructura interna y validez convergente.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: Safety seeking behaviors allow safety in the face of a potentially threatening situation. Thus, the objective was to adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Coronavirus Reassurance-Seeking Behaviors Scale (CRSBS) in a sample of adults from Lima, Peru. Method: 380 people participated (Age = 31.03 years; SD = 10.37) who answered the CRSBS and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS). The content validity was evaluated, in addition to performing an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to evaluate the factorial structure of the CRSBS. Reliability was evaluated with the omega coefficient. A second CFA was performed to assess the convergent validity that related CRSBS and anxiety about COVID-19. Results: The content evaluation indicated that the five items of the CRSBS are relevant, consistent and clear. The EFA and CFA indicated the presence of a one-dimensional model for the CRSBS with an adequate fit (?2 = 26.73, gl= 5, p = .00, CFI = .99, RMSEA = .11 [IC90%: .07 - .15], SRMR = .04). Likewise, the model that related the CRSBS and the CAS had a good fit (? 2 (34) = 91.29, p = .00, RMSEA = .05 [IC90%: .04 -.07], CFI = .93, SRMR = .04) and a positive and high correlation ( = .56, p < .001). Reliability was satisfactory (aordinal = .93; ? = .93). Conclusion: The Spanish version of the CRSBS has evidence of reliability, content validity, internal structure and convergent validity.(AU)

Alcohol-impaired Walking in 16 Countries: A Theory-Based Investigation.

Alcohol is a global risk factor for road trauma. Although drink driving has received most of the scholarly attention, there is growing evidence of the risks of alcohol-impaired walking. Alcohol-impaired pedestrians are over-represented in fatal crashes compared to non-impaired pedestrians. Additionally, empirical evidence shows that alcohol intoxication impairs road-crossing judgements. Besides some limited early research, much is unknown about the global prevalence and determinants of alcohol-impaired walking. Understanding alcohol-impaired walking will support health promotion initiatives and injury prevention. The present investigation has three aims: (1) compare the prevalence of alcohol-impaired walking across countries; (2) identify international groups of pedestrians based on psychosocial factors (i.e., Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and perceptions of risk); and (3) investigate how segments of pedestrians form their intention for alcohol-impaired walking using the extended TPB (i.e. subjective norm, attitudes, perceived control, and perceived risk). A cross-sectional design was applied. The target behaviour question was "have you been a pedestrian when your thinking or physical ability (balance/strength) is affected by alcohol?" to ensure comparability across countries. Cluster analysis based on the extended TPB was used to identify groups of countries. Finally, regressions were used to predict pedestrians' intentions per group. A total of 6,166 respondents (Age M(SD) = 29.4 (14.2); Males = 39.2%) completed the questionnaire, ranging from 12.6% from Russia to 2.2% from Finland. The proportion of participants who reported never engaging in alcohol-impaired walking in the last three months ranged from 30.1% (Spain) to 83.1% (Turkey). Four groups of countries were identified: group-1 (Czech Republic, Spain, and Australia), group-2 (Russia and Finland), group-3 (Japan), and group-4 (final ten countries including Colombia, China, and Romania). Pedestrian intentions to engage in alcohol- impaired walking are predicted by perceptions of risk and TPB-psychosocial factors in group-1 and group-4. Favourable TPB-beliefs and low perceived risk increased alcohol-impaired walking intentions. Conversely, subjective norms were not significant in group-2 and only perceived risk predicted intention in group-3. The willingness of pedestrians to walk when alcohol-impaired differs significantly across the countries in this study. Perceived risk was the only common predictor among the 16 countries.

Diseño y validación de una escala para medir la preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 (PRE-COVID-19) / Design and validation of a scale to measure worry for contagion of the COVID-19 (PRE-COVID-19)

Objetivo: El incremento de los casos de COVID-19 está generando miedo y preocupación en la sociedad, lo que provoca una respuesta emocional que influye en la adopción de comportamientos relacionados con la salud. El objetivo del estudio es diseñar y validar la Escala de Preocupación por el Contagio de la COVID-19 (PRE-COVID-19). Método: El estudio tiene un diseño descriptivo transversal. La población ha consistido en jóvenes y adultos residentes en las ciudades de Lima y Callao (Perú) durante la declaración de la emergencia sanitaria nacional por la pandemia de la COVID-19 durante el periodo del 16 al 27 de marzo de 2020, quienes fueron seleccionados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico. Se aplicaron la PRE-COVID-19, la WHO-Five Well-Being Index, la Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 y un ítem único para medir la percepción general de salud. Las escalas fueron compartidas mediante un formulario de Google a través de las redes sociales. Se realizó un análisis de fiabilidad por consistencia interna y modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, específicamente el análisis factorial confirmatorio. Se siguieron las recomendaciones de la Declaración de Helsinki y los principios que guían la práctica ética de los estudios vía online. Resultados: Participaron 816 jóvenes y adultos de Lima y Callao (200 varones y 616 mujeres, edad media 28,40, DE 7,10). Los resultados muestran un modelo unidimensional con índices de bondad de ajuste satisfactorios: χ2 (9)=52,00; CFI=0,99; RMSEA=0,09 [0,07, 0,12]; WRMR=0,85. Las λ del modelo fueron superiores a 0,50 y la fiabilidad tuvo un valor excelente (ω=0,90). Asimismo, se evidencia la validez convergente y discriminante entre la PRE-COVID-19 y medidas de ansiedad, bienestar y salud autoinformada. Conclusión:Los resultados indican que la PRE-COVID-19 es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir la preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 y el impacto emocional en las personas.(AU)

Objective: The increase in COVID-19 cases is generating fear and concern in society, which generates an emotional response that influences the adoption of health-related behaviors. The objective of the study is to design and validate the Scale of Worry for Contagion of COVID-19 (PRE-COVID-19). Method: The study had a descriptive cross-sectional design. The population were young people and adults who resided in the cities of Lima and Callao (Perú) during the declaration of the national health emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic, during the period from March 16 to 27, 2020, who were recruited through a non-probability sample. The PRE-COVID-19, the WHO-Five Well-Being Index, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 and a single item were applied to measure the general perception of health. The scales were shared using a Google form through social networks. An internal consistency reliability analysis and structural equation models were performed, specifically confirmatory factor analysis. The recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki and the principles that guide the ethical practice of online studies were followed. Results: Eight hundred and sixteen young people and adults from Lima and Callao (200 men and 616 women; mean age 28.40, SD 7.10) participated. The results show a one-dimensional model with satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices: χ2 (9)=52.00; CFI=0.99; RMSEA=0.09 [0.07, 0.12]; WRMR=0.85. The λ of the model were higher than 0.50 and the reliability had an excellent value (ω=0.90). Likewise, the convergent and discriminant validity is evident between PRE-COVID-19 and measures of anxiety, well-being and self-reported health. Conclusion: The results indicate that the PRE-COVID-19 is a valid and reliable instrument to measure concern about the spread of COVID-19 and the emotional impact on people.(AU)

Insatisfacción corporal en mujeres universitarias: nuevas evidencias psicométricas del Body Shape Questionnaire de 14 ítems (BSQ-14) / Insatisfação corporal em mulheres universitárias: novas evidências psicométricas do Body Shape Questionnaire de 14 itens(BSQ-14) / Body dissatisfaction in university women: new psychometric evidence from the 14-item Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-14)

En los últimos años, las jóvenes universitarias vienen experimentado una mayor preocupación por el aspecto corporal que está relacionado con tener una figura esbelta. En este sentido, es importante disponer de herramientas para medir la insatisfacción que pueden tener con su aspecto corporal. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluarlas propiedades psicométricas del Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-14). Específicamente, evaluar la estructura interna del BSQ-14, la consistencia interna del modelo, la evidencia de validez discriminante con base en las correlaciones del puntaje promedio del BSQ-14 con una medida de mindfulness y la invarianza del modelo del BSQ-14, considerando la variable de realización de actividades físicas. Participaron 402 jóvenes universitarias de Lima Metropolitana, con una edad promedio de 20.05 años (DE= 18.18). Se administró una batería de pruebas que incluía el BSQ-14 y Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MASS-5). Los resultados indican que la estructura unidimensional del BSQ-14 presentó un buen ajuste (χ²= 571.420; CFI= 0.962; SRMR= 0.051) y una adecuada fiabilidad por el método de consistencia interna (ω = 0.962). Asimismo, el BSQ-14 mostró correlaciones negativas con el Mindfulness y la satisfacción corporal. Se demostró que el BSQ-14 es invariante entre mujeres universitarias que realizan o no ejercicio físico. Se concluye que el estudio brinda resultados que respaldan el uso del BSQ-14 para medir la insatisfacción corporal con evidencias de validez y fiabilidad en una muestra de jóvenes universitarias de Lima Metropolitana. (AU)

In recent years, young university students have experienced a greater concern for the body aspect that is related to having a slim figure. In this sense, it is important to have tools to measure the dissatisfaction they may have with their body appearance. The objective of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-14). Specifically, to evaluate the internal structure of the BSQ-14, the internal consistency of the model, the evidence of discriminant validity based on the correlations of the average score of the BSQ-14 with a measure of mindfulness and the invariance of the BSQ-14 model, considering the variable of performance of physical activities. For hundred two young university students from Metropolitan Lima participated, with an average age of 20.05 years (SD = 18.18). A test battery including the BSQ-14 and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MASS-5) was administered. The results indicate thatthe one-dimensional structure of the BSQ-14 presented a good fit (χ² = 571,420; CFI = 0.962; SRMR = 0.051) and adequate reliability by the internal consistency method (ω = 0.962). Likewise, the BSQ-14 showed negative correlations with Mindfulness and bodysatisfaction. The BSQ-14 was shown to be invariant among university women who do or do not exercise. It is concluded that the study provides results that support the use of the BSQ-14 to measure body dissatisfaction with evidence of validity and reliability in a sample of young university students. of Metropolitan Lima. (AU)

Nos últimos anos, os jovens universitários têm vivenciado uma preocupação maior como aspecto corporal que está relacionado ao corpo esguio. Nesse sentido, é importante contar com ferramentas que mensurem a insatisfação que podem ter com a aparência corporal. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-14). Especificamente, avalie a estrutura interna do BSQ-14, a consistência interna do modelo, a evidência de validade discriminante com base nas correlações da pontuação média do BSQ-14 com uma medida de mindfulness e a invariância do BSQ-14 modelo, considerando a variável de realização de atividades físicas. Participaram 402 jovens universitários da região metropolitana de Lima, com idade média de 20,05 anos (DP = 18,18). Foi administrada uma bateria de testes que incluiu o BSQ-14 e a Escala de Conscientização da Atenção Consciente (MASS-5). Os resultados indicam que a estrutura unidimensional do BSQ-14 apresentou bom ajuste (χ² = 571,420; CFI = 0,962; SRMR = 0,051) e confiabilidade adequada pelo método da consistência interna (ω = 0,962). Da mesma forma, o BSQ-14 apresentou correlações negativas com Mindfulness e satisfação corporal. Foi demonstrado que o BSQ-14 é invariável entre as universitárias que praticam ou não exercícios físicos. Conclui-se que o estudo apresenta resultados que suportam a utilização do BSQ-14 para mensurar a insatisfação corporal com evidências de validade e confiabilidade em uma amostra de jovens universitários da região metropolitana de Lima. (AU)

La voluntad de vivir en tiempos de la COVID-19: un estudio con adultos mayores peruanos / The will to live in COVID-19 times: a study with Peruvian older adults

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Medición de la voluntad de vivir en adultos mayores: adaptación transcultural, validez y confiabilidad de la Will-to-Live Scale / Measurement of the will to live in older adults: Transcultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Will-to-Live Scale

OBJETIVO: La Will-to-Live Scale (WTLS) es utilizada para medir la voluntad de vivir en adultos mayores; sin embargo, no existe una versión en español. El objetivo del estudio fue traducir la WTLS al español, evaluar su estructura interna, su confiabilidad y los correlatos entre la WTLS y la satisfacción con la vida, la resiliencia y la depresión en adultos mayores peruanos. MÉTODO: Los participantes fueron 235 adultos mayores peruanos (M=72,69, DE=6,68) evaluados entre marzo y mayo de 2019, seleccionados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico. Se administró la WTLS, la Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), la Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) y el Patient Health Questionnarie-2 (PHQ-2). El análisis de datos incluyó confiabilidad por consistencia interna y modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, específicamente el análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), para probar la solución unidimensional de la WTLS y la validez convergente de la WTLS a nivel latente, al especificar un modelo de cuatro factores (voluntad de vivir, satisfacción con la vida, resiliencia y depresión). RESULTADOS: El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach y el índice de confiabilidad compuesto obtienen valores de 0,93 y 0,94, respectivamente. La estructura unidimensional de la WTLS se ajustó a los datos (χ2(5)=10,067, p = 0,073, CFI=0,999, RMSEA=0,066, SRMR=0,014) y mostró asociaciones positivas con la SWLS (ρ=0,82) y la BRCS (ρ=0,86), así como negativa con el PHQ-2 (ρ=−0,66). CONCLUSIÓN: La WTLS en español presenta evidencias de validez y confiabilidad para medir la voluntad de vivir en adultos mayores peruanos

OBJECTIVE: The Will-to-Live Scale (WTLS) is used to measure the will to live in older adults; however, there is no Spanish version. The objective of the study was to translate the WTLS into Spanish, assess its internal structure, reliability, and the correlates between WTLS and life satisfaction, resilience, and depression in older Peruvian adults. METHOD: The participants were 235 Peruvian older adults (M=72.69, SD=6.68), evaluated between March to May 2019, selected through non-probability sampling. The WTLS, the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) were administered. Data analysis included reliability by internal consistency and structural equation models, specifically confirmatory factor analysis (AFC), to test the one-dimensional solution of the WTLS and the convergent validity of the WTLS at the latent level, by specifying a four-factor model (will to live, life satisfaction, resilience and depression). RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the composite reliability index obtain values of .93 and .94, respectively. The one-dimensional structure of the WTLS was fitted to the data (χ2(5)=10,067, P=.073, CFI=.999, RMSEA=.066, SRMR=.014) and showed positive associations with the SWLS (ρ=.82), and BRCS (ρ=.86), as well as negative associations with the PHQ-2 (ρ=−.66). CONCLUSION: The WTLS in Spanish presents evidence of validity and reliability to measure the will to live in Peruvian older adults